Gross incomeYour total salary or wages before any taxes, deductions, or benefits are subtracted. This is the starting point for all tax calculations.
Net income (take-home pay)The amount that actually lands in your bank account after federal tax, state tax, FICA, and all deductions have been withheld. This is the number you budget with.
FICAFederal Insurance Contributions Act tax, which funds Social Security (6.2% up to $168,600) and Medicare (1.45% on all wages). Your employer matches these amounts. Self-employed workers pay both halves (15.3%).
Marginal tax rateThe tax rate applied to your last (highest) dollar of income, not the rate on your total income. For example, a single filer earning $50,000 has a marginal rate of 22% but an effective rate closer to 12-13%.
Effective tax rateYour total tax divided by your total gross income. This is the actual percentage of your income that goes to taxes, which is always lower than or equal to your marginal rate.
Standard deductionA fixed dollar amount that reduces your taxable income. For 2026 it is approximately $15,000 for single filers, $30,000 for married filing jointly, and $22,500 for head of household. This calculator automatically applies it.
WithholdingAmounts your employer deducts from each paycheck for federal income tax, state income tax, Social Security, Medicare, and any benefits you enroll in. Your W-4 form tells your employer how much federal tax to withhold.
W-4IRS Form W-4 is the Employee's Withholding Certificate. You fill this out when you start a new job to tell your employer how much federal income tax to withhold from each paycheck, based on your filing status, dependents, and other adjustments.
Pre-tax deductionMoney subtracted from your gross pay before taxes are calculated. Common examples include traditional 401(k) contributions, health insurance premiums, HSA contributions, and commuter benefits. Pre-tax deductions lower your taxable income and therefore reduce your tax bill.
Pay frequencyHow often you receive a paycheck. Weekly (52/year), biweekly (26/year), semimonthly (24/year), and monthly (12/year) are the most common. The total annual amount is the same regardless of frequency, but per-check amounts differ.